Maison PAPIN du PONT de L'ÉPINE (1300-Present)

The combined arms of the 
GAIGNERON JOLIMMON de MAROLLES 
and de PAPIN de L'ÉPINE Families (Source, 2)

See Blog Maison de Papin du Pont de L'Épine

 Origins of Family 

The family traces its origins to Bretagne (Presqu’île de Guérande) where they were known as the Papin de Quilfistre. The Papins were close to the Emperor Charlemagne (768, date of reign).

Presqu’île de Guérande (Public Domain Picture)

However, the family PAPIN also lived in the following cities in France: Anjou, Orleans, and Picardie. Through marriage they took on the following names:

1) PAPIN de la THÉVINIÈRE

2) PAPIN du PONT-CALLEC

3) PAPIN de MALESTROIT

4) PAPIN de KERFILY

5) PAPIN du PONT

6) PAPIN du ROCHER

7) PAPIN des BARRIÈRES

8) PAPIN de L'EPINE and

9) PAPIN de COURCIVAL

The Coat of Arms of the 

House of  PAPIN de  L'ÉPINE

Description of Coat of Arms:  

(Source 8)

The Blason of the Papin de l'Épine (Image Source 9)

 

Papin de la Tevinière Genealogy

La Maison de PAPIN
Seigneur de la Thévinière (Source 6)

Perrot PAPIN (m.circa 1300), Sgr. de la Tevinière

Married in about 1300 a Madame de SANSAY and issued Gilles

Gilles PAPIN, Sgr. de la Tevinière

Married on April 26, 1437 Jeanne de BAZOUGE-LAPEROUSE and issued Maurice

Maurice PAPIN, Sgr. de la Tevinière et de la Papiniere

Married 1469 Jeanne de BRUNNES and issued Eon and Antoinette

Eon PAPIN, Sgr. de la Tevinière

Married December 16, 1522 Jeanne de JAILLE and issued David

David (Alias René) PAPIN (m.1522), Sgr. de la Tevinière

Married on December 23, 1522 Anne de MALESTROIT, Dame de Pontcallec de l'Argentaye and issued (Jean, and Renée)

Jean PAPIN (c.1545), Sgr. de la Tevinière et de Pont-Callec

Married on January 19, 1570 Marie de BRIGNAC-KERFILY, Dame de Kerfill, and issued (Josais, David, Marie and Françoise)

DE BRIGNAC KERFILY (Source 6)

Josais PAPIN (m.1607), Baron de Pont-Callec

Married on June 17, 1607 to Catherine de LONGUEVAL. No issue.


The fortune of the PAPINS passes to the branch established by Marie PAPIN, the daughter of Jean PAPIN when she married Charles de GUER, seigneur de Tronchâteau et La Porte-Neuve (Source, 2).

Brief History of Pont-Callec

 

In 1288 Pont-Callec was a ducal-county. In 1328, the Duc Jean III gave the châtellenie of Pont-Callec to Jean de DERVAL and since then it passed on to the following:

PONT-CALLEC (Source 6)

• Typhaine du Guesclin had the land until 1417
•  Jean de Largentaye and passed the land to his daughter
•  Péronelle de Largentaye died in 1448 and passed to husband 
•  Jehan de Malestroit and passed on to his widow....
•  Anne de Malestroit married  René Papin sieur de la Tréminière
• Jean Papin, chevalier de l’ordre du roi, married  Marie de Brignac
• Josias Papin died without issue
• Marie Papin married Charles de Guer and passed on land to her husband (Source, 4)

 

_________________

PAPIN Genealogy in Martinique

Pierre BELAIN

According to the study conducted by the NICOLAZO de BARMON  family (1873), the  first PAPIN to arrive to the new world was Jean PAPIN du PONT-CALLEC. Perhaps, he came to the island of Martinique lured by the possibilities of richness and fame (Source 2)

He accompanied the privateer and first governor of the island of Martinique, Pierre BELAIN, Chevalier of d'Esnambuc (1585-1636). He established a colony in Saint-Pierre, Martinique (Source 2). Jean PAPIN du PONT-CALLEC is referred to in the September 15, 1635 Act of Foundation of the Colony of Saint Pierre (Martinique) as "Jean DUPONT" (Source 2). He was the second governor of Martinique.

As Pierre Belain indicated:

"Nous etc aujourd’hui 15 de septembre 1635 je suis arrivé a l' ile de la Martinique par la grâce de Dieu accompagné d honorable homme Dupont lieutenant de la Compagnie colonelle en ladite île Saint Christophe etc" (Source 12).

[We.. today September 15, 1635 arrived to the island of Martinique, by the Grace of God, with the honorable Dupont, lietenant in the militia of Saint Christophe]



It is important to mention that it is possible that in  New World the family name  changes from PAPIN du PONT - CALLEC to PAPIN du PONT. It is also sometimes spelled PAPIN DUPONT.

A direct connection between the PAPIN du PONT CALLEC and Jean Claude PAPIN L'ÉPINE has yet to be proven. There are many genealogies, including that of the family of NICOLAZO de BARMON which repeat the story that Jean Claude PAPIN L'ÉPINE was the son of  Jean PAPIN du PONT CALLEC (DUPONT) and that he came to Martinique  join his father.
 

What is however interesting about the published  genealogy of the PAPIN by the NICOLAZO de BARMON family is the mention of several PAPINs in the French colonies of the New World. Below is a list:

1) Elie PAPIN accompanied Sieur Poyer to Saint Christophe (known today as Saint Kitts)
2) Gabriel PAPIN was part of the group of Sieur Lafont
3) Etienne PAPIN de Nates lived in Saint Pierre (Martinique) married Catherine Mausset (Mansel)

Some PAPINs went to the colony of Guadalupe and others to Martinique.

_____________________________ 

Branch Papin de L'Épine (1627-1713)

La Maison de Papin

  

Jean Claude PAPIN (1627-1667), Seigneur de L'ÉPINE

He was born in Hennebont, Bretagne  and died in St. Pierre in Martinique. Jean was Capitaine de milice at Lamentin, Martinique. 

Jean Calude PAPIN arrived from d'Anjou to the Antilles in about 1647 and was killed in 1667 during the British siege of Saint Pierre, Martinique (Source 10). 

It is possible that "Jean DUPONT" and Jean-Claude are the same person or that Jean-Claude is the son of Jean. For all purposes, the Du Pont genealogy in Martinique starts with Jean-Claude.

In 1658, he married Marie d'ORANGE (1641). She was born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. Marie d'ORANGE was the daughter of Guillaume d'Orange (1605-1674) and Madeleine Huguet de BUSSY (1613-1690)

Jean and Marie d'Orange issued:

1) Jean-Baptiste PAPIN L'ÉPINE (1659-1713), Sieur du Pont , Lieutenant de milice, major du régiment de La Touche et capitaine du quartier du Lamentin

2) Louis PAPIN L'ÉPINE (1661-1717), Capitaine Cavalarie

3) Marie Madeleine Marguerite Rose PAPIN L'ÉPINE (1663-1697) married September 6,1683 married Raphael MARTIN (Directeur Général  des vivres de la marine). Second marriage of Raphael Martin to Elisabeth des Verges de Sanois

4) Françoise PAPIN L'ÉPINE (1666-1709) married Simon du VAL (Lieutenant de cavalerie) in 1696. Simon du VAL married secondly to Françoise des Verges de Sanois

5) Madeleine PAPIN L'ÉPINE (1667) married in 1667 to Pierre de CAUROY(+1720)


Jean-Baptiste PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1659-1713), Sieur du Pont, Lieutenant de milicie

Jean-Baptise was  born in Le Carbet, Martinique and was Capitaine du quartier.

He married Marie Françoise LEROUX CHAPELLE (1666-1703) on June 5, 1726 and  issued:

1. Jean PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1689-1741) married on June 5, 1726 Marie Jeanne HERICHER (1705) and issued

2. Magdelaine PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1690)

3. Joseph PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1691-1753), Sieur de La Rapière

4. Jean-François PAPIN de L'ÉPINE du PONT (1695-1738) married on February 2, 1722 Jeanne Camille des CAMPS and issued (Louise-Catherine, Marie-Louise, Jeanne-Eulalie, Jean Baptiste and Charles Lambert)
 
5. Louis PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1697-1740), Seigneur de  Courcival author of another branch.

6. Thérése PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1702)

7. Elizabeth PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1702)

8.  Marie  Rose PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (c. 1700-1743)

 9.  Françoise Rose PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (c.1698)  married Jean-Baptiste GAIGNERON des RAVINIÈRES and issued (Jean-Pierre, Joseph Gabriel).

10.  Catherine PAPIN de L'ÉPINE

11. Jeanne PAPIN de L'ÉPINE

Louis PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1661-1717), Capitaine Cavalerie

Married in Le Lamentin (Martinique ) in 1690 to Marie DUVAL (1674) and issued:



1) Louis du Petit-Bois (1698-1775)

2) François (1701-1762)

3) Louise-Catherine (1707)

4) Angélique (1709-1779)

5) Jean-Baptiste Monnier (1711-1765)

6) Jacques Dumoulin (1715)

7) Marie-Rose (1716-1764)




Louis PAPIN, Seigneur du Petit-Bois (1698-1775) 

Married on October 8, 1720 in Macouba (Martinique) to Marie-Anne-Madeleine HERICHER (1701) and issued:

1) Louis (1721)

2) Madeleine (1724)

3) François-Marie (1727)

4) Jeanne-Monique (1730)

5) Marie-Rose (1732)

6) Louise-Colombe (1733)

7) Marie-Madeleine-Claire (1735)



Jean-Baptiste PAPIN, Seigneur de MONNIER

Married before 1722 to Therese-Elisabeth CROQUEST de SAINT-ANDRÉ and issued:

1) Jacques-Marie Papin Monnier (1756)

2) Thérèse-Angélique Papin Monnier maried twice a) François-Modeste de COURPON, écuyer and b) Carles-Emile des VAUX, écuer and Seigneur de la Martiniére

__________

BRANCH of 
PAPIN de L'ÉPINE du PONT (1661-1756)

Jean-Baptiste PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1659-1713), Sieur du Pont

Jean-Baptise was  born in Le Carbet, Martinique and was Capitaine du quartier. He was the son of Jean PAPIN and Marie d'ORANGE

He married Marie Françoise LEROUX CHAPELLE (1666-1703) on June 5, 1726 and  issued:

1. Jean PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1689-1741) married on June 5, 1726 Marie Jeanne HERICHER (1705) and issued

2. Magdelaine PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1690)

3. Joseph PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1691-1753), Sieur de La Rapière

4. Jean-François PAPIN de L'ÉPINE du PONT (1695-1738) married on February 2, 1722 Jeanne Camille des CAMPS and issued (Louise-Catherine, Marie-Louise, Jeanne-Eulalie, Jean Baptiste and Charles Lambert)

Jean Papin de L'Épine (1689-1741)

Married on June 5, 1726 Marie Jeanne HERICHER (1705) and issued:

1) Jeanne-Rose (1728-1831)
2) Marie-Françoise (1731-1775)
3) Elizabeth Bibiane (1733)
4) Jean-Baptiste (1734-1775)
5) Jeanne-Camille (1736)
6) Marie-Françoise-Aimée (1737-1811)

Jean-Fraçois Papin de L'Épine du Pont (1695-1738), Lieutanant de Milice (Fort Royal)

Married on February 2, 1722 in Le Lamentin (Martinique) to  Jeanne Camille des CAMPS (1709)  and issued (Louise-Catherine, Marie-Louise, Jeanne-Eulalie, Jean Baptiste and Charles Lambert)

1) Jeanne-Eulalie (1725-1760)

2) Jean-Baptiste (1730-1789) author of Branch Papin de l'Epine du Pont de Kerfili

3) Charles-Lambert (1732-1787), Seigneur de Lespine

4) Marie-Louise (1733-1766)

  ________

BRANCH of 
PAPIN de L'ÉPINE des BARRIERES (1661-1756)

Louis PAPIN de L'ÉPINE des BARRIERES (1661-1717)

He was born Le Prêcheu, Martinique and was Chevalier of the Ordre royal militaire de St-Louis
and son Jean PAPIN and Marie d'Orange.

Married in 1690 Marie DUVAL or du VAL (1674-1756) and issued:


1. Charlotte-Angelique Papin Lépine des Barrières  (1709-1779) married Joseph GAIGNERON JOLLIMON de MAROLLES (1700-1746) and issued

2. Louise Catherine Papin Lépine des Barrières  married Alexis PITAULT de la RIFAUDIERE and issued


3. François Papin Lépine des Barrières (1697-1775), Capitaine de cavalerie and issued two sons (François and Jean-Baptiste)

3.a François Papin Lépine des Barrières  (1750)
3.b Jean Baptiste  Papin Lépine des Barrières (1751), Lieutenant, bléssé au combat de Tarenton

4. Marie Rose Papin Lépine des Barrières (1716)  married Roger de GAIGNERON des VALLONS (1689) and issued (Marie, Catherine-Eulalie, Pierre-Claude-Roger, Louise, Calixte, Rose-Marie, Reine-Solage)

4.a Marie
4.b Catherine-Eulalie
4.c. Pierre-Claude-Roger
4.d. Louise
4.e Calixe
4.f. Rose-Marie
4.g Reine-Solage 



5. Jean-Baptiste  Papin Lépine des Barrières (1698)

_____________________

Charlotte-Angelique PAPIN de L'ÉPINE des BARRIERES (1709-1779) and the Anglo-French War (1775-1783)-The American Revolutionary War

Marquis de Bouillé du Chariol (Source 7)

She was the wife of Joseph GAIGNERON (1700-1746), Cavalry Captain, Seigneur de Jollimon (t).

During the American Revolutionary War, also known to the French as the Anglo-French War (1775-1783), Angelique-Charolotte lent money to His Majesty, King Louis XVI for the war effort of François Claude Amour, (1739 – 1800), Marquis de Bouillé du Chariol (Source 7). It was the Marquis de Bouillé du Chariol who in the name of the King of France asked for money. (Source 2, Page 1).In a letter to her, the Marquis stated:

"Chère cousine, pouvez-vous faire des avances à Sa Majesté?" (Source 2, Page 36)

 The Marquis de Bouillé du Chariol was governor of the French islands of Guadalupe and Martinque. He was also responsible for capturing several British possessions in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War. The French effort in the Caribbean no doubt weakened the British and contributed to the overall American victory (Source 2, Pages 1-2. 

The Papin de L'Epine and Gaigneron Jollimont de Marolles controlled four large houses (quatre habitations) that produced yearly about 7,000.00Francs. This money as well as other resources, Madame Papin de L'Epine put forth for the continued war effort of France against the British (Source, 2, Page 36)


Biographical Note:

In 1726, Charlotte-Angelique Papin Lépine des Barrières married of Joseph GAIGNERON (1700-1746), Cavalry Captain, Seigneur de Jollimon (t). Joseph was born in Martinique and baptized at the church of Saint Laurent in Lamentin on April 9, 1700. They issued:

1) Marie-Rose GAIGNERON (1731-1784)
2) Marie Camille GAIGNERON (1733)
3) Jacques Philippe or Philippe  GAIGNERON (1734-1793), Sieur du MARAIS
4) Nicolas Christian GAIGNERON,
5) Jacques Christophe GAIGNERON (1746-1799)
6) Marie-Madeleine Désirée GAIGNERON,
7) and Charles-Joseph (alias Joseph- Charles) GAIGNERON, Sieur de MAROLLES 1747-1785

 Note: In 1816, Charles-Joseph received GRACE from the King of France and become Counts of Gaigneron Jollimon de Marolles

Counts in the Kingdom of France and Navarre

See Gaigneron Jollimont de Marolles Branch 

__________________

Branch of the PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE KERFILI (1730-1876)

 

Jean Baptiste PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE (1730-1799), also known as PAPIN-DUPONT KERFILI, Captain de Grenadiers, Chevalier of Royal Order of Saint Louis 

Son of Jean François PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1695-1738) and Jeanne Camille des CAMPS

Jean Baptiste lived in Lamentin, Guadalupe and was part of the Militia of Saint Anne. He was the owner of the plantation ( l'habitation) "Le Durocher"

On November 5, 1754 he married Marie Victoire COUDROY (1733-1799) and was captain of the militia.

Biographical Note: Marie-Victoire Coudroy was the daugther of Jean-Charles Coudroy (1705-1784) and Victoire Boyvin (1712-1752)


1. Nicolas Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE (1759-1800) married Marie Louise Philippine GAIGNERON JOLLIMON de MAROLLES (1779-1860) and issued Léon PAPIN DUPONT also known as the "Vénérable Léon M. Dupont, le saint homme de Tours"

Note: Nicolas Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE was Captain of Infantry and owner of the Habitacion la Grand Rue in Lamentin. He died in Brest in 1800. Madame PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE (née Gaigneorn Jollimont de Marolles) remarried after the death of her husband in 1804 to Pierre-Grégoire d'ARNAUD (+1860).

2. Marie-Madeleine PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE (1764-1792) married Charles T. Nicolas BOYVIN (1761-1791) and issued (Charles and Marie)

3) Jean Baptiste PAPIN de THÉVIGNÉ (1771) married on January 3, 1792 to Madelien-Catherine GRUET and issued (Annette, Nina, Celamire, and Valerie-Laure)

3.a) Annette (1793) married Charles Achille de JORNA de la CALLE

 i. Julie de Jorna married Charles van SCHALKWYK

ii. Blanche de Jorna married in 1837 to Jean BONET de BELAIR

iii. Chalres de Jorna married Edméide le JAR du CLESMEUR and issued one daugther Hortense de Jorna who married Henri NICOLAZO de BARMON

iv. Charles-Gaston de Jorna married Edméide le JAR du CLESMEUR (wife of brother) and issued: Blanche de Jorna (who married Henri NICOLAZO de BARMON) and René de Jorna (who married twice, first marriage to Edith de HILLERIN and second to Françoise de la MONNERAYE)

3.b) Laure married Adolphe-Blaise-Joseph BEAUVAIS d'ACOSTA

4.c) Anne-Marie-Elisabeth (dit Nina) married twice 1) in 1814 to François le NORMAND de MORANDO (1769-1843) and 2) Contre-amiral FEBVRIER-DESPOINTES

5.d) Célamine married M. Le MERCIER de RICHEMONT


4) Charles Lambert PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE, Capitaine d'infanterie milice at Fort-Royal - Martinique.

Nicolas Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE (1797-1876)

Married married on May 9, 1827 to Caroline d'Andiffredi (Audiffredy) and issued one daughter Henrietta in 1832. She died in 1847 and another son Theobald who also died. 

Nicolas Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE was declared a "Venerable" by Pope Pis XII in 1939. The process  of his "Beatification" and "Canonization" is now underway. His feast day is December 1st.

During his lifetime he helped spread devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus Christ and to the Holy Eucharist (Source 3).

Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE was also known for his devotion to Saint Martin of Tours. He helped restore the Basilica dedicated to Saint Martin and had a house near there (Source 3).

The Basilica of Saint Martin of Tours (France)
Photo Public Domain

Nicolas Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE
 (Picture Public Domain)

Many biographies have been published on Léon PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE in both French and English. Below are some of the covers of the biographies published:

The Holy Face - Devotion of Léon DUPONT

Théobald PAPIN DUPONT (1801-1826), Officier de dragons de milice. No issue.

 

___________

Branch of the 

PAPIN DUPONT de L'ÉPINE de COURCIVAL (1697- Present)

[Source 13]

 

Louis PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1697-1740), dit de Courcival, Officier de chevalerie, capitaine de milice (Trinité)

Son of Jean-Baptiste Papin L'Épine, Sieur du Pont (1659-1713 and Marie-Françoise Le Roux dit Chapelle (1666-1703)

Married on January 11, 1718 in Saint-Marie Martinique to Louise-Léonarde de la HOUSSAYE and issued: (Jean-Louis-Léonard, Louis-Saint-Aimé, and Julien-Michel)

Louis-Saint- Aimé PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1724-1778), dit de Courcival  

Married in 1753 in Gros-Morne (Martinique) to Catherine-Françoise GIGON (1718-1787) and issued (Louise, Jacques-Louis, Pierre, Julien and other children) 

Julien PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1763-1813), dit de Courcival 

Married on January 21, 1782 in Saint-Marie (Martinique) to Marguerite-Françoise La HOUSSAYE (+1835) and issued (André, and three other children)

 

André PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1799-1856), dit Courcival

Married on February 22, 1848 in Saint-Marie (Martinique) to Marie-Anne-Luce-Pauline de LAUNAY (1822-1870) and issued (Marie-Adéle, Marie-Émilie, Marie-Françoise-Aimée-Amélia, André, and Marie-Laure)

André PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1849-1902), victime de l'éruption de la Montagne Pelée

Married in Saint-Pierre (Martinique) on November 22, 1875 to Pauline-Anna-Clarise ROUSSEAU (1855-1879)

Married in 1880 to Marie-Gabrielle Parfaite ROUSSEAU (1861-1902), sister of first wife, and issued (Pierre-Claude-Henri-André), victime
 

Pierre-Claude-Henri-André PAPIN de L'ÉPINE (1881-1928), dit Dupont, Ingénieur

 Married on December 29, 1902 in Paris to Juliette-Marie-Augustine-Eugénie LEGENDRE (1875)


Married on April 12, 1917 in Fort-de-France (Martinique) to Jeanne-Marie-Gabrielle LAFOSSE (1883-1975) and issued (Germaine, Simone, Angélique, Madeleine, Jean, and May)

Biograpraphical Note:

Gabrielle LAFOSSE was the daugther of Ajax LAFOSSE-MARIN (1845-1902) and Eugénie COLIN (1856-1926). She was born in the habitation "Bois d'Orange" in Sainte-Lucie (Saint Lucy)

La Maison de la Fosse

1. Germaine Papin-Lépine du Pont (1915) married on September 24, 1936 in Paris to Jean-Claude GIROD (1913-1988)

2. Simone Papin-Lépine du Pont (1917-1999) married on April 29, 1939 to René NICAUDIE (1909-1981)

3. Angélique Papin-Lépine du Pont (1918) married in 1945 Paris to Jean LARDENOIS (1912-1991)

4. Madeleine Papin-Lépine du Pont (1920-1995) married in 1944 to Georges GRUET (1918-1998), Offcier d'avation

5. Jean Papin-Lépine du Pont (1922) married to Yvette MODE (1924)

6. May Papin-Lépine du Pont (1926-1996) married in 1949 to Michel YOVANOVITCH (1925)

Today, the House of Papin du Pont de l'Épine continues on through the different alliances made by the above-mentioned people. 

 

 

_____________________________

Sources Consulted 

1)  Entry "PAPIN de  L'ÉPINE"  in gw.geneanet.org.


2) "Descendants des Pepins" by Nicolazo de Barmon (1873). Online version located at the National Library of France (BNF). For the purpose of this blog entry we consulted pages 35-63.

3) Consulted "Leo Dupont" entry on Wikipedia

4) Consulted the webpage  History of the Ducal-County of  Pont-Callec.

5) Consulted "Papin" entry in Root's Web World Conner  

6) Several of the coat of arms (Blasons) used in this blog entry come from nl.geneanet.org

7) Consulted "François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé" entry on Wikipedia.

8) Description of the different blasons or coat of arms of the Papin was taken from the "Grand armorial de France. Catalogue général des armoiries des familles nobles de France....." by Henri Jougla de Morenas. Published in Paris in 1934. 

9) The image of the coat of arms of the Papin de L'Épine was the courtesy of Mr. W. Papin de L'Épine via e-mail communication.

10) "Annuaire de la Martinique" (1909) on Google Books. 

11)  " Guillaume d'Orange et les origines des Antilles française" by Viscount Henry-Renault du MOTEY (Paris:1908). Book has has been digitilized by Google Books.

12) "L'esclavage aux Antilles françaises avant 1789..." by Lucien Pierre Peytraud (Paris: 1897). Book digitilized by Google Books.

13) Consulted a study entitled "Deux cent neuf anciennes famillies subsistantes..." (2010) by Eugène Bruneau-Latouche et al. The study which is over 800 pages has been digitized by the international website on geneaology geneanet.org.